Australian Sea Lions (Neophoca cinerea) - Kangaroo Island

I recently spent two weeks traveling in my four wheel drive vehicle to South Australia.  I spent just under a week in the northern section of the state observing Yellow-footed Rock Wallabies and a week on Kangaroo Island; Kangaroo Island is the fourth largest island in Australia located off the southern coast of South Australia.  My main interest in visiting this island was to observe the abundant wildlife  that calls the island home and to observe and photograph the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinera) which breeds along a small section of island coastline. 

LEFT: Two Australian Sea Lions begin their walk up the beach after body surfing onto the beach.

The Australian Sea Lion is the fourth most endangered sea lion in the world; first on the list is the New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri). Before official protection the species was regularly harvested by native people (Australian aboriginals) and European sealers.  The sealers devastated many of the breeding populations and today only a few breeding sites remain in South Australia and in Western Australia. 

BEHAVIOUR, DIET AND THERMODYNAMICS 

Australian Sea Lions are asocial and only come together for mating and when the mother seal tends to her pup. 

LEFT: Two Female Australian Sea Lions bask in the sun.  This behaviour may asi in deigestion and/or mucous drain.

Congregations of seals that appear to be lolloping together flipper over flipper are not communing with each other and are not family groups.  The reason for the aggregations and apparent friendliness is basic thermodynamics – to maintain body warmth on a cold day seals lie together and appear (to us) as family groups.  

Australian Sea Lions, like their close relatives the New Zealand Sea Lion are sexually dimorphic with males portraying a vastly different appearance to females.  Males can reach a length of 2.5 m (8.3 ft) and weigh in at 300 plus kg (600+ lbs) whilst the smaller females only reach a length of 1.8 m (5.2 ft) and 100 kg (220 lb) respectively.  Three distinct morphs are apparent with breeding males being a darkish chocolate in colour with a very bulldog-looking head.  Male adolescents are similar in colour, however, have a distinctive white mane.  Females are the pretty ones with fawn and silvery coloured fur, lovely faces and very streamlined bodies.  Actually, the name for the species (Sea Lion) was coined as the male’s mane reminded the biologists of the mane of a male African Lion.  

LEFT: A Male adolescent Australian Sea Lion poses for the camera.  The white lion-like mane is very distinctive.

Like many seals the diet of the Australian Sea Lion consists of a variety of fish, shark, octopus, squid and occasionally penguins.  Feeding usually occurs off the continental shelf in waters as deep as 200 m.  Unlike the New Zealand Fur Seal which hauls out on rocky outcrops, Australian Sea Lions prefer sandy beaches with adjacent dune systems.  The animals use the dunes as a type of incubator; when ambient temperatures are cool and the wind is blowing the animals make their way into the dunes to conserve body warmth.  Conversely, when temperatures are warm, the animals migrate to the beach and water to cool off. 

UNUSUAL AND UNKNOWN BEHAVIOUR 

During the day the sea lion’s bask in the sun with head and necks erect maintaining an almost 90 degree angle to the sand.  At first I thought this was to catch the sun, however, individuals did this even on overcast and rainy days.  Speaking to a wildlife biologist it became apparent that the reason for this behaviour is unknown.  Two possible reasons could be either; the positioning aids in mucous drainage to the stomach (sea lions have a lot of mucous excrement) and/or the position aids in the digestion of any meal allowing the active passage of consumed bones and detritus along the alimentary canal toward the anus. 

BREEDING AND PUP MORTALITY 

The breeding cycle of the Australian sea lion, which is an 18 month cycle and is not synchronized between colonies is unusual within the Pinniped family. The Sea Lion engages in serial monogamy rather than polygynous breeding; each male will attempt to maintain a small territory on the beach for a period of two to four weeks adjacent to a receptive female sea lion.  During this time the male is vigilant and wards off any intruding male. 

LEFT: Two Female Australian Sea Lions settle a debate over accommodation rights on the sand.  Although "cute" looking, all sea lions sport large dog-like teeth that are more than capable of causing a substantial injury to anyone foolish enough to venture too close to the animal.  As with all wildlife, sea lions need to be treated with the utmost respect.

After mating with the female, he will then return to the sea, feed and relax, before returning to the beach to once again identify a receptive female, stake out his territory and wait until the female comes into estrus.  

LEFT: A pregnant Australian Sea Lion pauses in her arguments with amorous males to have a closer look at the photographer.

At some breeding sites during the peak breeding times, adult males may heard receptive females in the hope of mating. 

Sea Lion births occur between January and October with the  female gestation period being around 12 months with the girl sea lion receptive to mating 10 days after giving birth.  Unless mated after birth, a mother may nurses her pups(s) for up to 3 years.  

Pup mortality is quite high depending on environmental conditions; summer births have a mortality rate of about 7% while winter births have a mortality rate of up to 23%.  At some sites sub-adult and adult male aggression towards each other can cause a mortality rate up to around 56% 

LEFT: A very small Australian Sea Lion calls for mother.  The pups are especially curious of anything!

PHOTOGRAPHING THE SEA LIONS

Photographing the sea lions was very enjoyable and watching the antics of the youngsters even more so.  At one stage I was framing a portrait of a female that was sunning herself when I heard a short sharp bark of a youngster which was emerging from the sand dunes.  The pup half rolled and slid down the steep incline of the dune where gravity unceremoniously dumped him at my feet, his cute adoring face looking up at mine inquisitively.  After gaining some control and dignity, he made off toward his mother who has just appeared from the ocean – no doubt the only thought on this pups mind was food! 

LEFT: An adolescent female basking in the dune systems adjacent to the beach.  During inclement conditions the sea lions migrate to the dunes for protection.

On another occasion I had male pups approach me wanting to play.  Well, this is all I could think of as the young seal would bound right up to me, lay down on his stomach and flap his flippers about.  He would then sit up and repeat the procedure seeking attention.  The activity reminded me of a dog wanting to play tag or throw the bone.  Although there is a temptation to actually play with the fellow, this is far from what you should do.  Seal protocol is pretty straightforward in this type of situation and is always  “non engagement”.  It actually is better to stand up (assuming you were kneeing) which intimidates the youngster.  Although appearing wrong and cruel at the time, if you do play with the baby, it is only teaching the animal that humans are fun to play with a to be around.  This learned behaviour will not be welcome when the sea lion is fully grown.  Imagine a 300 kg animal running towards you wanting to “play” – I think not… 

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES

One of the biggest problems I had shooting the sea lions was not so much the number of individuals on the beach, as there were a dozen at more at any one time, but whether they had their eyes open.  It seems that many sea lions need seeing eye dogs as they romp around the beach with their eyes shut.  I understand that this is to protect the eye from blowing sand and the harsh sunlight. 

LEFT: Being ready to photograph all the time is sometimes difficult as when the action happens it can be fast and furious.  The two sea lions awoke from their slumber, argued briefly and then seperated company.  The altercation was over  a matter of seconds!

Compositional speaking, trying to separate a sea lion from the background or another animal was difficult.  The beach on which the sea lions gather is intermittently covered in kelp and seaweed.  Although the kelp looks nice, trying to position it within a defined frame can be difficult.

Environmentally the biggest hurdle was operating in a very sandy environment.  The wind blew on several days and the entrained sand manages to impregnate every book and cranny in your camera equipment.  It's OK  shooting from a standing position as the sand is only entrained within the first foot above the ground.  But, as soon as you kneel or lie prone, your equipment receives a good sandblasting.

CONSERVATION STATUS 

The conservation status of this species as determined by the ICUN is endangered and rthe population status is decreasing.  Although numbers fluctuate between years, the average number of sea lions is 10,000 individuals.  They have been totally protected since 1974.

LEFT:  Sleeping seems to be a good part of any sea lion's daily activities.  However, sleep and rest is important as these animals regularly spend a few days at sea traveling vast distances in search of prey.  It's important to try and not disturb a sleeping animal.

I enjoyed my time with the sea lions and I hope you have enjoyed reading about them...

To see more Australian Sea Lion images, type the name into the search box or search the stock gallery.  See also Photo of the Month.

Cape Du Couedic Lighthouse - Kangaroo Island

Kangaroo Island boasts several lighthouses which in between observing the animals are well worth a visit.  My favourite lighthouse was the lighthouse established on most southern shores of the island adjacent to a large New Zealand Fur Seal colony.  Although this lighthouse is not the oldest establishment – the Cape Borda and Cape Willoughby lighthouses were commissioned in 1858 and 1852, it certainly is the most picturesque. 

LEFT: The Cape du Couedic Lighthouse located along the southern coastline of Kangaroo Island.  Time were tough at the lighthouse in 1911 as indicated by the Log Book.

The Cape du Couedic Lighthouse, the fifteenth lighthouse to be commissioned in South Australia was constructed between 1906 and 1909 after three shipwrecks in the area claimed the lives of 76 souls.  The tower itself is comprised of 2000 large pieces of local stone.  Due to the lack of a road system, all construction supplies were brought in by boat to a cove 1 km away.  The cove offered some protection from the large southerly swell, however, surrounding the cove were steep cliffs.  A flying fox powered by a small petrol driven engine was used to ferry stores to the top of the cliff.  In addition to the tower and light, three four roomed stone cottages were built for the head lighthouse keeper and his two assistants.  The first light used at the lighthouse was manufactured in England by Chance Brothers and ran on kerosene fuel. Resupply was 4 times a year and mail was delivered fortnightly via horseback to the lighthouse staff.  The lighthouse sported modern rescue equipment which included rope ladders to scale the cliffs and rocket propelled lines. 

Times were harsh during these early times and it was not unknown for keepers to work exceptionally long hours for weeks at a time with little time off.  It was a regular and constant watch to protect passing ships from the treacherous coastline.  Three keepers operated the light station and maintained the light.  Every two hours the light mechanism had to be manually wound up.  The men worked in shifts and were rostered on every day of the week.  It's not surprising that from time to time they did not see eye to eye.

LEFT:  Cape Borda Lighthouse circa 1858.  A small canon was used to signal ships that danger was close by when low lying fog obscured the light.

An extract from the Log Book kept at the lighthouse reads:

"Wednesday 13th December 1911

Insubordination of the 2nd keeper

At 9 am 2nd keeper came to me and said, I want a day off.  I said it is not granted and I want to get on with the painting at the fox.  2nd keeper then said I am going to take a day off.  I then said as Head Keeper you are disobeying my orders.  He then said you are no body.  he then left the Station.  He rejected my advise and the left the station against my wishes, and was absent from the Station without leave for 12 hours - Head Keeper"

Time off and holiday leave is now an expected and precious part pf out lives.

At the lighthouse site is a period photograph of the keeper, his assistants and canine friends.  It’s possible to study the location of the people in the image, then position yourself to exactly the same location and stand exactly where they stood.  It’s impossible to imagine their thoughts at the time, but certainly they couldn’t not have imaged that I or anyone else would be standing here with a Canon 1D series camera around their neck and a Toyota Landcruiser parked along the way!

Final Preparation - 2 weeks with Australian Sea Lions & Yellow-footed Rock Wallabies

Preparing for a two week trip to Kangaroo Island, South Australia where I'm photographing the Australian Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus), the World's fourth rarest seal species.  The Australian Fur Seal inhabits a small area of Western Australia and can be observed in a few localities on and around Kangaroo Island  in South Australia. The seal grows to a length of approximately 2.3 meters and weighs in at roughly 230 kilograms.

After a week or so on Kangaroo island, I'll head north spending a day or so at a favourite location near Port Augusta to photograph honey eaters and small birds.  I call this "birds on sticks" as many of the birds perch on branches above permanent water holes.

From here, I will be heading into the northern Flinders Ranges to locate (already know where they are) and photograph the beautifully coloured and marked Yellow-footed Rock Wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus), a species listed as vulnerable under the ICUN Red List classification.

During this time I will be camping from my four wheel drive vehicle.

Although only a relatively short trip (~14 days), I believe it should be enough time to capture some behavioral images of the seals and wallabies.  Hopefully, if the night skies are clear I'll also be able to photograph southern sky star trails.  Two positives photographing star trails in central Australia is the lack of light pollution; the nights are dark as coal when the moon is not present, and the lack of aircraft flying into your frame.  I found when photographing star trails in the US, the ever present aircraft flying overhead  a little annoying.

Tasmanian Wildlife Carer Rehabilitates Australian Short-beaked Echidna

Recently I was asked to photograph a small Australian Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) that been found alongside a walkway in southern Tasmania.  The young orphan had been discarded by its mother for some reason and a “good samaritan” had found the nymph and passed it along to “wildlife carers” to nurture and hopefully rehabilitate to the wild. 

Observing let along photographing an echidna this young is uncommon; usually they are still in the mother’s pouch (actually a fold of skin) or are left in the burrow whilst mother is out and about searching for food.  To see a very young echidna usually means that the mother has been killed or has “dumped” the baby for some reason.  Echidnas frequently are killed by vehicles along roads and by farming practices (farming ploughs often dig up mother echidnas and their young), but in this case the mother was nowhere to be found.  Why the youngster was ousted from the pouch so early and what happened to the mother are questions that were to remain unanswered. 

LEFT:  Australian Short-beaked Echidna & wildlife carer pose for the camera - meet "Young Quills"

The wildlife carer cared for the baby echidna for several weeks feeding the young urchin every 2-3 days with a specially brewed high protein, high fat milk which replicated, as much as possible, the milk that would have been supplied by the mother.  The milk is administered to the infant by a micro pipet usually used in chemistry classes to deliver defined and accurate volumes of whatever to a test tube.   The echidna, nicknamed “young quills” lapped up the rich liquid with his exceptionally long and sticky tongue; only becoming less active when his full was taken.  After the 10-15 feeding it was time to return to a long sleep to digest the liquid meal.

To house the echidna, a special basket was used that was lined with soft loose material.  The basket was kept in a specially heated room in an attempt to replicate the warmth of the mother’s pouch or burrow, and had a lid to ensure the inside was in more or less perpetual darkness.  The only time Quills was allowed to exit the pseudo pouch was for feeding.  Young Quills grew quickly and put on substantial weight and his fluffy fur was soon to be replaced with more defined fur along with the beginnings of the many spines that this critter is known for.  

All seemed well for Quills and the next stage of the rehabilitation was being put in place.  It was planned that after reaching a certain size, Quills would leave his initial wildlife carer to be relocated to another carer whose task was to teach the young Quills how to search for and eat ants; the favoured food of the echidna.  Usually this would be done by the mother echidna (obviously), however, in this case a carer would have to act as a surrogate mother.  After a month or so of teaching, Quills would have then been released into the wild to fend for himself.

LEFT: The claws of Australian Short-beaked Echidnas are exceptionally sharp and strong.  Echidnas have the ability to burrow quickly beaneth the ground.

However, this was not to be!  Quills died in the early morning.  The reason behind his death was unknown; the carer had done everything in her power to look after Quills.  As baby echidnas are uncommon, the reasons for Quill’s death were important so that carers could learn from the event.  An autopsy was performed by a Government Veterinarian in an attempt to determine the reason for Quills’ untimely departure from the natural world.  Although nothing definite could be established, adhesions around the heart were found.  Whether this may have been a cause for the animal to be discarded from the mother is unknown. 

Wildlife Carers are located in all Australian states and donate their time to care for native animals in distress; often when food and medical supplies are low they dig deep into their own pockets to purchase essential items.  

LEFT:  Juvinile Australian Short-beaked Echidnas lack the basic survival skills until taught my the mother.

If you discover a lost or injured native animal, don’t ignore it.  Carefully remove the animal from danger (road, etc) and place it in either a darkened sack or a box with a lid.  It’s important to ensure the animal is kept warm, quiet and in darkness, as this will lessen the stress for the animal.

To contact a wildlife carer in Tasmania (Australia), call the Injured and Orphaned Wildlife Programme on (03) 6233 6556.  Feel free to make comments on this post in the comments section below.

Hunting Wild Tasmania Devils in the Night

Tasmania Devils (Sarcophilus harrissii ) are endemic to Tasmania, a small island state in Australia.  Once common throughout forest areas, these nocturnal creatures are declining in numbers and have been listed on the IUCN Red List as endangered.  The reason for the decline and IUCN listing is the development of a viral disease called Facial Tumour Disease.  The disease, which is still being investigated and mapped, spreads rapidly amongst devils as they fight and argue amongst themselves for mating privileges and when competing for food. 

LEFT:  A wild Tasmania Devil pauses and looks about for potential predators.

Natural History – A Few Facts

Devils are the largest marsupial carnivore, roughly weighing the same as a largish medium sized dog.  They have excellent smell, can travel long distances in an evening in search of prey, and can eat 20 times their own body weight in one sitting.  They primarily feed on carrion, although live prey is often taken.  Their life span in the wild for roughly 5 years and they become sexual mature at 2-3 years.  Although devils appear vicious looking they are not; I’ve had wild devils sniffing at my boots and playing with my tripod legs!  Adding to their perceived vicious reputation is their loud cry which is very unnerving when heard on a dark night, and their rather poor table manners – devils argue over food and often have short-lived fighting arguments which can be quite intense and very loud.

Photographing Wild Devils- Equipment

Photographing wild Tasmanian Devils is not easy!  First you have to find them, and then they have to be receptive to you being in their space.  Further, shooting at night with flash and fixed light is not the easiest of activities as any budding photographer will attest to.

I use an assortment of equipment to photograph devil which chnages depending upon the environmental situation.  Usually I have two industrial style spotlights set up either side of the carcass.  It’s important to try and disguise the lights as much as possible and usually I’ll hide them in the bush.  The purpose of the lights is to allow the camera to acquire a focus lock easily on an approaching devil.  I’ve discovered through trail and error that some devils don’t mind the lights at all, while others shy away from them – it’s a personal devil thing. 

LEFT:  A Tasmanian Devils rips open the carcass in a frenzy to eat as much as it can before other devils join in the feast.

I always use a tripod and usually use a 70-200 f2.8 zoom lens or a 300 f2.8 lens attached to a Canon 1Ds camera. I use two Canon 580 EX speedlights.  One flash is mounted on a Wimberely flash bracket from the camera L-plate (main light) and the other flash (fill light) is mounted on a small tripod and set off to the side.  I sync the speedlights using two pocket wizards. To ensure that the speedlights are pointing exactly at the devil and not pointing elsewhere, I use a small portable red laser light.  The laser light ensures that the flash is pointing a exactly the place I want the artificial light directed.  On occasion I also use a better beamer and/or flash snoot to help funnel the light and not expose the background too much.  I always set the flashes to manual and rarely use ETTL.

Nocturnal photography of wild animals can be very hit and miss, especially when you must maintain your position and be relatively quiet.  Often if you relocate your position on the fly, and the devil is wary, it will run away and not return that night.

LEFT: A Tasmania devil part way through it's dinner on carrion, stops and looks about before screaming out loud to warn other devils that he has first dibs on the food.

Establishing a Blind & Bait

I’ve spent quite a bit of time photographing devils in a number of locations and by far the best method is to establish a blind of some description; my latest blind was a hole in the ground covered with a military style camouflage net.  On this particular night it was quite amusing, it rained filling the shell scape (a small hole) that I’d dug with water.  I can remember spending the night cold, wet and miserable until 3 devils came by to cheer me up. 

LEFT: A Tasmania Devil stands over carrion that has been securely staked to the ground.

There is no chance that you will photograph, let alone see a devil without setting bait.  I usually collect road kill and then securely stake it to the ground in an opportune area.  I then create a number of blood trails through the forest leading to the staked kill .  A blind can be almost anything from a shell scrape in the ground with a net, to hiding amongst bracken.   It’s important to reconnoiter the location of the blind as it must be downwind of the carcass.  Devils have exceptional senses of smell, and they will smell you a long way off if your scent is blowing toward the carcass.  I remember on one devil shoot the wind was blowing the wrong direction.  I could see the devils in the distance circling the bait, but they would not approach closely.  I decided to cover my clothes with the odour of dead wallaby, and this partly solved the problem, but they were still wary.

LEFT:  Tasmania Devil with Facial Tumour Disease (FTD) on face near jaw.  In the last 12 months I have witnessed a steady increase of devils with FTD in this area.

Patience

Patience is a virtue with devil photography.  Although devils are most active and hour after dusk and an hour before dawn, they can turn up at the kill at anytime during the evening.  Often you must put in long hours of waiting for a devil to turn up – and then there is no guarantee that the devil will feed on the carcass.  I’ve seen lots of devils appear, scout the location and then disappear into the night as quickly as they appeared!

Exciting Experience

I enjoy photographing all animals; however, there is something about devil photography that keeps me wanting to go back for more.  Perhaps it’s having to be patient waiting for a devil to appear, or maybe it’s the work you have to do before you even see a wild devil.  You have to establish a blind, find road kill, set the bait and then stay awake most of the evening; you also get VERY dirty and often are covered in odour and blood from the carcass.   Certainly, the work before the shooting begins makes any images taken far more worthwhile.

I certainly get a “buzz” when, on a dark drizzly night, you see a white blaze in the darkness moving toward you!  To have the privilege of observing the feeding habits of these amazing creatures is a wonderful experience, albeit a messy one.

If you’re interested in reading more about the plight of the Tasmanian Devil, navigate to the official “Save the Tasmania Devil” web page at http://tassiedevil.com.au/

To read a little more about the Tasmania Devil Task Force, click here.

To view short video of devils feeding that I filmed on a previous trip, click the multimedia tab in the menu bar above.

Update on Friday, March 11, 2011 at 1:27PM by Iain Williams

FOLLOW UP: – MARCH 2011

Scientific study and results have identified that the disease was not caused by a virus or bacteria but an infectious line of cancer cells passed from one animal to the next by cell implantation, such as when they bite one another. 

This breakthrough at the State Government’s Mt Pleasant Laboratory gave hope to devil researchers that they might be able to control the disease in the wild.

Officials have stated that this maybe a turning point in the investigation of the devastating disease and the breakthrough study has been noted by the global scientific community.